A new study has found people can differ in how vulnerable they are to different mutations in emerging variants of COVID-19, depending on previous infections and vaccination.
This is because the variant of Covid a person was first exposed to determines how well their immune system responds to different parts the virus, and how protected they are against other variants.
It also means the same COVID-19 vaccine may work differently for different people, depending on which variants of Covid they have previously been exposed to and where their immune response has been focused.
The findings of the study underlies the importance of continuing surveillance programmes to detect the emergence of new variants, and to understand differences in immunity to Covid across the population.
This could also be important for future vaccination strategies, which must consider both the virus variant a vaccine contains and how immune responses of the population may differ in their response to it.
Dr Samuel Wilks at the University of Cambridge’s Centre for Pathogen Evolution in the Department of Zoology, first author of the report said: “It was a surprise how much of a difference we saw in the focus of immune responses of different people to SARS-CoV-2 [COVID-19]. Their immune responses appear to target different specific regions of the virus, depending on which variant their body had encountered first.”
He added: “Our results mean that if the virus mutates in a specific region, some people’s immune system will not recognise the virus as well – so it could make them ill, while others may still have good protection against it.”
The research, published today in the journal Science, involved a large-scale collaboration across ten research institutes, including the University of Cambridge, and produced a comprehensive snapshot of early global population immunity to COVID-19.
Researchers collected 207 serum samples, extracted from blood samples, from people who had either been infected naturally with one of the many previously circulating SARS-CoV-2 variants, or who had been vaccinated against SARS-CoV-2 with different numbers of doses of the Moderna vaccine.
They then analysed the immunity these people had developed, and found significant differences between immune responses depending on which variant a person had been infected with first.
Professor Derek Smith, Director of the University of Cambridge’s Centre for Pathogen Evolution in the Department of Zoology, senior author of the report, said: “These results give us a deep understanding of how we might optimise the design of COVID-19 booster vaccines in the future.
“We want to know the key virus variants to use in vaccines to best protect people in the future.”
The research used a technique called ‘antigenic cartography’ to compare the similarity of different variants of the SARS-CoV-2 virus. This measures how well human antibodies, formed in response to infection with one virus, respond to infection with a variant of that virus. It shows whether the virus has changed enough to escape the human immune response and cause disease.
The resulting ‘antigenic map’ shows the relationship between a wide selection of SARS-CoV-2 variants that have previously circulated. Omicron variants are noticeably different from the others, which helps to explain why many people still succumbed to infection with Omicron despite vaccination or previous infection with a different variant.
Immunity to COVID-19 can be acquired by having been infected with SARS-CoV-2 or by vaccination. Vaccines provide immunity without the risk from the disease or its complications. They work by activating the immune system so it will recognise and respond rapidly to exposure to SARS-CoV-2 and prevent it causing illness. But, like other viruses, the SARS-CoV-2 virus keeps mutating to try and escape human immunity.
During the first year of the pandemic, the main SARS-CoV-2 virus in circulation was the B.1 variant. Since then, multiple variants emerged that escaped pre-existing immunity, causing reinfections in people who had already had Covid.
Dr Wilks said: “The study was an opportunity to really see – from the first exposure to SARS-CoV-2 onwards – what the basis of people’s immunity is, and how this differs across the population.”
