Ahavuye isanamu, Getty Images
- Umwanditsi, Na Jessica Mudditt
- Igikorwa, BBC News
Imfungurwa nyazo wihereza zoba zishobora kukwongerereza amahirwe yo kuvyara umwana? Ng’ibi ibizwi.
Uravye ibiyago ivyo ari vyo vyose ku mbuga ngurukanabumenyi bijanye n’irondoka, kimwe mu bintu nyamukuru biyagwako cane gishobora kuba ari ikijanye n’ico wofungura kugira ngo ugire amahirwe menshi yo gusama. Hampande y’ingaburo zamamazwa ko zongereza amahirwe y’irondoka, hari n’izindi mfungurwa zitari nke zifatwa ko zifasha kugira ngo ushobore gusama imbanyi imere neza.
Muri ivyo vyose bivugwa bikamamazwa, ni ibihe vyemezo bifadika vy’imfungurwa kanaka zofatwa kugira zongereze ubushobozi bw’irondoka ku gitsinagabo canke ku gitsinagore, be no gushigikira umwana ari mu nda kugira ngo amere neza?
Mu gutangura, iyo abantu bavuze ibijanye no gushigikira imbanyi n’umwana ari mu nda, imfungurwa zimwe zimwe zirashobora koko kugira ico zihindura – nk’akarorero icunyunyu kizwi nka acide folique/ folic acid.
Iyo umuntu afashe iki cunyunyu imbere no mu gihe c’imbanyi, kirashobora gufasha mu gukingira umwana indwara izwi nka Anencephaly, ubumuga bwo mu bwonko no mu mutwe umwana avukana, hamwe n’indwara y’uruti rw’umugongo izwi nka spina bifida iteza ubumuga bw’ibihimba vy’umubiri vyo mu gice co hasi, rimwe rimwe mbere igatera n’ubumuga bwo mu mutwe.
Kubera ubumuga nk’ubu butangura mu misi ya mbere y’imbanyi, n’imbere mbere y’uko umukenyezi amenya ko yasamye, ikigo ca Amerika kijejwe gukinga no kugenzura indwara (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention) gitera akamo abagore bose bakivyara gufata micrograme 400 (ni ukuvuga miligramma 0,4) za acide folique buri musi.
Kwongerereza acide folique imfungurwa shingiro nk’intete bishobora gufasha cane mu gukingira umwana ari mu nda kubera imbanyi nyinshi zisamwa zitategekanijwe. Bigereranywa ko, mu 2019, imigambi yo kwongerereza imfungurwa yatumye 22% vy’abana bari kwandura spina bifida na anencephaly ziterwa n’ubukene bwa acide folique bakingirwa kw’isi yose.
Ivyunyunyu vya acide folique bishobora kuba bifise n’izindi nyungu: mu gihe abagore bariko barondera gusama bazifashe nk’ingaburo, zishobora kubongerereza amahirwe yo gusama, n’aho hagikenewe ibindi vyigwa kugira ngo ibi vyemezwe.
None bite ku zindi mfungurwa n’ingaburo? Hoba hariho “nk’imfungurwa z’irondoka” Zishobora kukwongerereza amahirwe yo gusama?
Ahavuye isanamu, Getty Images
Ubushakashatsi bwerekana ko imfungurwa zishobora kugira ingaruka kw’irondoka ku mugabo
Mu kwishura iki kibazo, ni vyiza kubanza guca irya n’ino imvo nyamukuru zishobora gutera ubugumba. Muri Reta Zunze Ubumwe za Amerika, inyuma y’umwaka umwe w’imibonano mpuzabitsina ata gakingirizo, 15% y’abubakanye vyaranse ko basama inda. Hari imvo nyinshi zishobora kuba zibituma.
Ku ruhande rw’abagore, udusaho tw’intangangore dushobora kuba tudashobora gusohora amagi akomeye, canke igi rikaba ridashobora kuva mu dusaho kugira rije mu gitereko – nk’akarorero, kubera uturingoti tw’utu dusaho tuba twarazivye. N’aho iri gi ryoshobora gushikayo neza, rirashobora kunanirwa no kwihomeka ku gitereko, canke n’aho riramutse ryihometseko ntirishobore kumara na kabiri.
Ku ruhande rw’umugabo, ubukomezi bw’intanga bufise uruhara runini mw’irondoka. Aho harimwo kuba zifise ubushobozi bukwiye bwo kwiyunguruza, ingene umutumba wabwo umeze, n’ubwinshi bwazo mu musohoro umugabo aba arekuye.
Ni ibintu vyinshi bishobora gutuma intanga zidakomera, harimwo ibibazo bishingiye ku bidukikije nk’ikirere gihumanye (pollution). N’inyuma y’ibipimo, imvo z’ubugumba zishobora kutaboneka igihe cose: 15% vy’ubugumba nta nsiguro biraronka.
Nubwo ata mfungurwa canke ingaburo yoba inyishu yihuta ku muntu ku giti ciwe kuri ibi bibazo, abahinga bavuga ko imfungurwa zishobora kugira uruhara rukomeye mu gihe cose co kurondera gusama n’inyuma yaco.
Ikigaragara cane, ni uko gufungura neza ari kirumara. Gufungura nabi bishobora kugira ingaruka mbi cane ku magara imbere y’ivyara.
Birashoboka ko ivyatowe kuri iki kibazo ari ivyavuye mu bushakashatsi bwakozwe ku nzoya zatwawe inda mu gihe kizwi nka ” famine aux Pays-Bas/Dutch Hunger Winter” ni ukuvuga amapfa yo mu Buholande, mu 1944; igihe c’amezi umunani y’inzara yateye igihe Abanazi bari bazibiye amayira y’imfungurwa zinjira mu Buholande mu mpera z’intambara ya kabiri y’isi yose.
Ico gihe, abagore bari bibungenze bari babeshejweho n’amakalori (calories) 400 gusa ku musi, akantu gato cane ataco kamaze ugereranije n’ivyo imbanyi ikeneye kugira imeze neza.
Abana bibungenzwe muri ico gihe bahuye n’ingorane indiri n’indiri z’amagara, harimwo kudakura neza no kwonda ugereranije n’abari bavutse imbere canke inyuma yabo, kandi bakagira n’udutwe duto. Bamaze gukura naho, igitigiri kinini muri bo bagize ubuvyibuhe burenze urugero, kuwara ibisukari n’indwara zo mu mutwe zizwi nka schizophrenia, kandi bakaba bagenda bapfa bakiri bato.
Kuri abo bantu ata buryo bafise bwo kuronka imfungurwa zikwiye, biguma ari nkenerwa ko baronswa uruvange rw’imfungurwa ntunganyamubiri. Mu gihe ibivugwa ku mfungurwa ngirakamaro vyibanda cane kw’irondoka ry’abakenyezi, abantu benshi bagenda batahura ingene imfungurwa zishobora kugira ingaruka kw’irondoka.
Ubushakashatsi bwakozwe mu 2015 ku bubakanye bavyara babifashijwemwo n’ubuhinga bwo kwa muganga IVF bwasanze inyama ziribwa n’abagabo, cane cane ubwoko kanaka bw’inyama, bugira ingaruka, nk’uko biri mu bipimo vy’urugero rw’irondoka.
Kurya inyama z’inkoko birafise akamaro kw’irondoka, ariko kurya inyama zihinguwe, nk’akarorero isosiso, bifise ingaruka mbi kw’irondoka. Abagabo barya inyama zidahinguwe cane, ku rugero rwa 1,5 ku ndwi, bafise amahirwe ya 82% yo gushobora gusamisha inda abo bubakanye – mu gihe abagabo barya inyama zihinguwe cane,nka 4,3 ku ndwi, bafise amahirwe agera kuri 54% yonyene.
Eka n’aho yoba yamaze gusamisha, imfungurwa ya se wiwe ishobora kugira ingaruka ku mwana ataravuka.
Ubushakashatsi bwakozwe n’abahinga bo kw’ishure kaminuza ya Queensland muri Australia bwerekana ko ivyo abagabo barya bifise ingaruka zidahera ku bana babo baba bataravuka.
Uyu murwi w’abashakashatsi wakoze umwihwezo ku makuru ajanye n’imfungurwa zifatwa n’imiryango y’abubakanye (couples) 200 yakurikiranywe n’ibitaro bikuru vy’irondoka vya Autralia, Mater Mothers’ Hospital, muri Brisbane.
Ubu bushakashatsi bwasanze ko imfungurwa zafashwe n’abagabo zagize ingaruka zikomeye ku zo abagore, kandi ko ibi vyagize ingaruka kw’ikura ry’umwana. Ubundi bushakashatsi bwerekana ko ubunini bw’umugabo bushobora kugira ingaruka ku ruvyaro ruzokurikira, mbere no ku bunini bw’umwana.
Shelley Wilkinson, umuhinga mu bijanye n’imfungurwa n’umwe mu banditse ubu bushakashatsi bwa kaminuza ya Queensland, ubu akaba akora mu kigo Lifestyle Maternity, ivuriro ryigenga muri Australia rifasha cane cane mu bijanye n’irondoka, agira ati: “Amagara y’abagabo be n’imfungurwa zobafasha mw’irondoka, birirengangizwa, ariko ni ngirakamaro cane”.
Wilkinson arerekana kandi akamaro ko guhangana n’impinduka nk’abubakanye. Ati: “Nimba umwe muri bo akurikiza amabwirizwa ajanye no gufungura, n’uwundi nawe atera afata iyo nzira nyene. Dukwiye kwibanda ku gushigikira abakenyezi kimwe n’abagabo kugira ngo amagara yabo ahinduke. Bitagenze uko, turiko turatakaza urugamba”.
Impinduka imwe ngirakamaro ishobora kuba ukwongereza urugero rw’amavuta mu nfungurwa z’abubakanye – ariko akaba ari amavuta meza. Amavuta abereye ari mu vyema(ibiyoba), mu ntete, mu mafi, mu mavoka no mu mavuta ya elayo (amavuta ya olive). Ibindi birimwo amavuta – vyaba kama canke bivuye mu mahinguriro, dusanga nko muri margarine, mu bitumbura, mu ndya zitekeshejwe amavuta [nk’amafiriti] canke zibanje guhingurwa – zishirwa mu rutonde rw’izongereza ivyago vyo kugumbaha.
Imfungurwa ziva mu biterwa nazo zishobora kugira akamaro kaniri. Abashakashatsi bo kw’ishure kaminuza Harvard School of Public Health bakoze umwihwezo ku mfungurwa z’umurwi w’abagore 18.555 mu kiringo c’imyaka umunani, mu gihe bariko barondera gusama.
Basanze gufungura indemamubiri ziva mu biterwa nk’imboga, ha kurya indemamubiri ziva mu bikoko nk’inyama zitukura, bishobora gutuma batagira ibibazo vyo kuja mu gasamo ku rugero rwa 50%.
Abanditse umwihwezo w’ubushakashatsi bwo mu 2021 kw’isano riri hagati y’imfungurwa n’irondoka ku bakenyezi banzuye ko, mu gihe ivyiyumviro bashikirije ku vyokorwa vyibanze ku bagore, “ata gushidikanya ko imfungurwa zifise akamaro kanini kw’irondoka haba ku bagabo canke ku bagore”.
Abashakashatsi batanze umwihwezo uramvuye ku ngaruka z’intungamubiri ku muntu n’imfungurwa zirimwo. Bashimikiye kandi ku kamaro ko gukoresha umuhinga mu bijanye n’imfungurwa mu gukurikirana abubakanye bariko bararondera kuvyara.
Muri rusangi, umwihwezo wabo wasavye ko bofata imfungurwa nk’imboga, ivyamwa, umutsima n’umukate bigizwe n’ubwoko bwose bw’intete; imfungurwa zirimwo amavuta meza nk’isamaki; hamwe n’imboga, amagi n’inyama zidafise ibinure vyinshi, ibi bikaba ari isoko ry’indemamubiri.
Barerekana kandi n’akamaro k’intungamubiri zishobora rimwe na rimwe kwiregangizwa: muri izi harimwo iodine ifasha umwana ari mu nda gukura neza n’umuvyeyi akagira amagara meza.
Ku vyerekeye inzoga, impanuro batanga iratomoye kandi ntihinduka mu bushakashatsi butandukanye. Ikigo CDC kivuga kiti: “Nta rugero rwiza ruzwi rw’inzoga umuntu yofata iyo yibungenze canke mu gihe ariko arondera gusama”. Ibi ni ku bwoko bwose bw’inzoga, harimwo imivinyu n’ibiyeri. Impanuro ni uguheba vyose.
Nimba ufise impungenge canke ibibazo ku bijanye n’imfungurwa yawe n’ingene ishobora kugira ingaruka kw’irondoka ryawe, ingingo nziza ni ukwitura abajejwe amagara y’abantu. Hanyuma kandi mu gihe imfungurwa zimwe zisa n’izigira uruhara rwiza mw’irondoka, ni ngombwa kutazizigira kurenza urugero.
Ubugumba ni ikintu kigoye gutahura, co kimwe n’ibibutera. Ubwoba ku mfungurwa z’umuntu bushobora kumutera umutima uhagaze kandi bidakenewe mbere akiyagiriza, akagira n’isoni. Aba bantu vyanse ko bavyara bakwiye kumenya ko ingorane itavuye ku kintu kanaka boba canke batoba barafunguye.
Wilkinson avuga ko abantu bafise ibibazo vy’irondoka bakunze kurondera imfungurwa imwe ishobora gutuma bavyara – ariko ni vyiza guhitamwo uburyo bwiza bwo gufungura.
“Mu biganiro ku bijanye n’irondoka, haravugwa vyinshi ku bijanye n’uko inanasi ari ubwoko bumwe bw’imfungurwa zifasha mw’irondoka mu gihe uriko urarondera gusama. Hagati aho, nta mfungurwa n’imwe canke inyongera n’imwe ikora nk’ivyo”.
