Ticket and payment integration: When one smart card or ticket can be used to access all the modes taking part in the service and one account is charged for the use of those services.
Mobility package: When customer can prepay for a specific amount (in time or distance) of a combination of mobility services.
ICT integration: When there is a single application or online interface that can be used to access information about the modes.
There appears to be no research on the combined effect of these elements on travel behaviour and mode choice. As such, we review the case of MaaS as a tool promoting sustainable transport choices.
15 MaaS systems have been identified, all of which are in developed countries. There is a high concentration of schemes in continental western Europe with Germany and the Netherlands leading the way, each with multiple MaaS schemes. They can be classified on integration levels:
Partial integration. Advanced integration without mobility packages.
Advanced integration with mobility packages.
