They found that while among users aged 12 and under, YouTube derived the greatest ad revenue of about $1 billion in 2022, among those aged 13-17 years, Instagram generated the highest revenue of about $4 billion.
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The team led by the Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Harvard University, also found that from users aged 13-17 years, TikTok derived $2 billion and YouTube $1.2 billion in 2022, suggesting that these platforms have “overwhelming financial incentives” in continuing to delay meaningful steps to protect children against the harms of using social media.
The researchers said that while these social media giants may claim to be able to self-regulate their practices in reducing harm to young people, they are yet to do so. They have published their findings in the journal PLoS ONE.
“Our finding that social media platforms generate substantial advertising revenue from youth highlights the need for greater data transparency as well as public health interventions and government regulations,” lead author Amanda Raffoul, instructor in paediatrics at the Harvard Medical School, said.
For the study, the researchers used public survey and market research data from 2021 and 2022 to estimate the number of young users engaging with Facebook, Instagram, Snapchat, TikTok, X and YouTube and the related ad revenue accrued by these platforms.
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The research team also used population data from the US Census, along with market research and parental control app data, to estimate the number of youngsters engaging with these platforms and the average minutes per day spent on them. From all this data, the researchers built a simulation model to calculate the ad revenue that these platforms earned from the young.
They found that all these social media platforms collectively generated nearly $11 billion in ad revenue from these users – $2.1 billion from users aged 12 and under, and $8.6 billion from users aged 13-17.
The team also found that in 2022, YouTube had close to 50 million US-based users under 18 years, while TikTok had about 19 million, Snapchat 18 million, Instagram 16.7 million, Facebook roughly 10 million and X 7 million.
“As concerns about youth mental health grow, more and more policymakers are trying to introduce legislation to curtail social media platform practices that may drive depression, anxiety, and disordered eating in young people,” senior author Bryn Austin, professor in the Department of Social and Behavioral Sciences at the Harvard University, said.
The researchers said that because social media platforms do not disclose user age data or advertising revenue data by age group, they had to rely on estimations and projections from public surveys and market research sources, which they said was one of their study’s limitations.
