Now it's ULEP! Councils quietly introduce ultra low emission PARKING – This is Money

Thousands of motorists face paying new environmental taxes despite upgrading their cars to the latest, most environmentally friendly models.

Councils across Britain are imposing new Ultra Low Emissions Parking charges which are hiking the cost of parking a diesel car by an inflation-busting 50 per cent.

Within London’s square mile, older vehicles are charged double that of the most environmentally friendly. 

Also hit by the new charges are businesses and tradespeople who scrapped their older vans and swapped them for the newest diesel models.

Even those with the most modern Euro 6 standard engines, which are allowed to access Mayor of London Sadiq Khan‘s Ultra Low Emissions Zone (ULEZ) – without having to pay the £12.50 charge – face being hit with a surcharge for parking, despite their cars reaching the highest environmental standards. 

Increasing numbers of motorists across the country are being charged extra to park depending on the emissions their car produces as councils attempt to make extra money

The latest front on the war on motorists is possible after the DVLA, who hold the registration details of all cars in England and Wales, produced a Vehicle Enquiry Service which app developers can use to check emissions standards, allowing ULEP charging.

In London, crossing from one side of the street to the other could see a motorist paying a significantly different rate as councils have vastly different policies.  

Members of the public can also use a similar service to check if a car is taxed or has a valid MOT.  

Councillors in Bath have introduced a new emissions-based parking scheme which has seen the cost of parking diesel cars increase dramatically 

The technology was first mooted almost 15 years ago, but with local authorities declaring war on diesel, the firm was able to offer cash-strapped councils a lucrative new revenue stream. 

Supporters of the scheme claim this will encourage motorists to switch from diesel cars, which produce nitrogen dioxide to more environmentally friendly alternatives. 

While critics claim this is yet the latest front on the ‘war on motorists’ and is the beginning of Ultra Low Emissions Parking. 

Drivers under the new system face a baffling range of tariffs which can vary on fuel type, emissions, engine size and even the vehicle’s age. Cars which do not appear on the DVLA’s database – such as those driven by foreign tourists – will have to pay the highest rates or face significant penalties.  

Plans for the widespread rollout of emissions-based parking have been underway since 2009, after Cobalt telephone technologies released a White Paper: Reducing CO2 emissions through variable parking fees. 

However, when the document was first published in January 2009, government policy promoted diesel cars with low CO2 emissions. Now that technology has been repurposed to penalise NO2 emissions from diesel cars. 

Today, Cobalt’s successor, RingGo provides emissions based parking support for councils including Islington, Croydon, Tower Hamlets, Hackney, Maidstone, Hammersmith and Fulham and Westminster. 

The firm’s managing director Peter O’Driscoll told MailOnline: ‘Emissions Based Parking is being used with great success in metropolitan areas, as Councils are being targeted with managing the health of residents. 

‘An Emissions Based Parking scheme enables an authority to levy a surcharge on the most polluting vehicles when they pay for parking – with emission reduction as a result. 

‘Such schemes can be introduced flexibly, depending on the requirements of each area, which is a feature fixed infrastructure schemes lack.’

Lynn Bloodworth, 67, and her daughter Victoria, 33, pictured with their Landrover Defender in Bath, have been subjected to the new diesel surcharge. They said the cost of parking has increased by £5 since the anti-diesel fee was introduced

In Bath, the confusing pricing structure is printed on a sign beside the solar-powered parking meter

Motoring campaigners fear Ultra Low Emissions Parking will become the ‘new Ulez’

RAC spokesman Rod Dennis told MailOnline: ‘We think the principle of charging drivers to park based on their vehicle’s carbon dioxide emissions is inherently unfair. 

‘While it’s generally the case that the newer the vehicle, the cleaner the engine we know that drivers are holding onto their vehicles for longer – not least because of the cost-of-living crisis and high cost of acquiring a replacement car. 

‘Charging drivers of more polluting cars more, even though the car is parked and emitting nothing, therefore penalises those very same drivers who have the least financial means to upgrade to another vehicle. Conversely, those who can afford to switch to an electric vehicle pay far less.

‘We’d like to see national government provide a steer on whether councils should be allowed to set parking charges based on CO2 emissions. The fact local authorities are creating vastly different tariffs based on how they decide to interpret emissions criteria is also a serious concern. 

‘Without government intervention, there’s a risk we’ll quickly see a hotchpotch of complicated, confusing and punitive parking schemes springing up. These policies smack of councils simply trying to extract as much revenue as possible from drivers.’

One London council has firmly ruled out such a plan to target diesel drivers. 

A spokesman for the London Borough of Bromley told MailOnline: ‘Bromley’s policy is not to discriminate on type of vehicle. They are paying for a parking space. The type of vehicle and its emissions is not, in our view, relevant to payment for a space.’ 

However, neigbouring Merton this week embarked upon a consultation period with residents about introducing a diesel surcharge. 

The City of London has had emissions-based parking fees since 2018, with electric, hydrogen or hybrid vehicles charging £5 per hour. Petrol vehicles registered from 2005 and diesels from 2015 onwards pay £7.20. All other cars pay £10-an-hour. 

In Haringey, a council spokesperson told MailOnline: ‘Haringey Council uses an emissions-based charging model for resident parking permits such as controlled parking zones, not currently for on-street pay by phone parking.’ 

Currently, diesel car owners in Haringey pay an £80-a-year surcharge on top of their permit which range in cost of between £34.10 and £328.90 depending on emissions or engine size. 

In the South West region, councillors in Bath have recently introduced emission-based parking charges in the city with the potential of 22 different tariffs, depending on the car’s fuel type, age and engine size. 

Bath opened their consultation period on July 13 and closed it three weeks later on August 3.  

However, the most efficient diesel will pay more per hour than the most polluting inefficient gas guzzler seeing the cost of parking increasing by more than a third. 

For electric cars and those with the most efficient petrol engines, the parking rate remains at £1.70 an hour, rising to £2 an hour for those the largest, least efficient engines. 

For diesel car owners, the price of parking jumps to between £2.20 an hour for the most efficient engines, including those with diesel electric hybrids – to £2.50 an hour for the most polluting engines. That represents an increase of more than 47 per cent for an hour’s parking. The rate of increase declines the longer the car is parked. There is a higher, £2.60 charge for larger diesel engines where there are no emissions data held by the DVLA. 

In addition to the increased costs, there is also a further 10p ‘convenience charge’ added to the bill. 

In one example, MailOnline compared the cost of parking a 2005 diesel-powered Range Rover Sport with a 2016 Mercedes c350e with petrol-hybrid set up. The Mercedes was £119.80 while the Range Rover was £146.40. Both prices included a mandatory 10p ‘convenience fee’. 

MailOnline compared the price to park a 2005 diesel Range Rover Sport for seven days at a long stay car park in Bath, compared with a plug-in electric petrol 2016 Mercedes c350e

According to officials in Bath: ‘Emission-based car parking charges mean that people with higher polluting vehicles are asked to pay slightly more to encourage a shift to cleaner, more sustainable travel in the city. 

‘The new charges aim to reduce all harmful emissions from the tailpipe, so even if your vehicle is compliant with the Clean Air Zone, you may have to pay more for parking in our car parks if other emissions from your vehicle are higher.’ 

The council stressed that ‘drivers of electric vehicles and those with non-diesel-fuelled internal combustion engines that emit 130g/km or less of CO2 will not see any increase in their parking charges’. 

But for Howard Cox, founder of FairFuel UK and Reform UK London Mayoral Candidate, this is the latest front in the ongoing ‘war on motorists’. 

He told MailOnline: ‘Yet another instance of an ill-informed local authority incapable of using creative ways to move us all to cleaner fuel technology. 

‘Their first thoughts are always to hit drivers in the pocket. Some of the cleanest emission vehicles are now to be hit with cash penalties, whilst more polluting classic cars will pay much less. Go figure! 

‘This is not only a nonsensical strategy, it isn’t going to save the planet, but will only dishonestly add to the coffers of another incompetently led council.’

The Bath inflation-busting price hikes have been introduced in eight council-owned car parks across the city

The Bath inflation-busting price hikes have been introduced in eight council-owned car parks across the city. 

Already, local businesses have noticed a drop in trade as customers are avoiding the city centre as a result of the new levy.  

Kevin Clarke, 41, a facilities manager from Warminster, Wiltshire, drives a Ford Transit for work and regularly drives into Bath as part of his job.

He’s worried the hikes will increase costs for his companies customers while seeing no benefit for the environment.

His van has a Euro6 diesel engine – which was exempt from charges with the clean air zone.

But it is not among those exempt from increased parking charges.

He said: ‘I’d like to know what the science is on the increase or whether it’s just another money making scheme.

‘It seems like local government don’t really care about the environment – only making money.

‘This is my work vehicle and any extra costs are just relayed onto our customers.

‘I very rarely drive into Bath for personal business because of the higher costs.

‘The parking charges have been going up and up for years.

‘I spent £25 to park today, this is why you’re seeing all the empty shops and restaurants.’

Bookseller Steven Rugg, 55, said he fears the new surcharge will discourage some of his loyal customers from entering the city centre 

Anand Graut, 51, owner of local restaurant Indian Temptation says he has seen less footfall over the years as charges have increased.

‘Every time they change the parking rules and costs it affects the business,’ he said.

‘I am definitely worried about the increase in parking affecting the footfall in the future, and we can’t increase our prices because that’s a sure way to lose customers.’

Lynn Bloodworth, 67, retired animal transporter and her daughter Victoria Bloodworth, 33, who owns a cafe, only come into Bath from nearby Norton St Philip in Somerset every eight weeks.

The expense puts them off from making more frequent trips in Mrs Bloodworth’s Land Rover Defender.

She said: ‘It’s gone up £5 since the last time we came in which we’re thinking is quite a colossal change.

‘It’s not much cheaper to even do the park and ride when there’s more than one of you.

‘If it wasn’t for the necessities that you can’t get in the village we wouldn’t come in.

‘The bus comes once every two hours and often doesn’t show up.’

Mrs Bloodworth used to transport animals for her work which is why they needed a diesel working vehicle to tow and pick up food and animals.

She no longer works, but has kept a car because the bus stop is a mile from her home, and there is only one service every two hours, she says.

‘We have no choice but to drive, and we can’t afford to buy another car,’ she said.

‘All second hand ones are diesel and petrol – not electric – because that’s what people want now.

‘You can’t get a cheap, eco compliant car.’

Train and bus strikes have left Mick Dewhirst, 55, an engineer from London wondering what alternative there it to driving.

He drives an Audi A6 and was driving through Bath after an event.

He said: ‘We’re taxed on fuel, we’re taxed on the vehicle itself, and having to have it maintained and everything, and then charging on emissions to drive here because the rail networks don’t work because everybody’s on strike.

‘Public transport is broken and the electric network doesn’t support electric driving.’

 Mick Dewhirst, 55, an engineer from London  drives an Audi A6 and was driving through Bath after an event. He said: ‘We’re taxed on fuel, we’re taxed on the vehicle itself, and having to have it maintained and everything, and then charging on emissions to drive here because the rail networks don’t work because everybody’s on strike’

Steven Rugg, 55, who owns a book shop in the Guildhall Market, and has a number of local and loyal customers.

He said he feels locals are being hit hardest and added: ‘It is a lot worse for locals, as tourists don’t notice it.

‘It doesn’t stop tourists but it stops our local trade.

‘It definitely seems to affect the people I see regularly.

‘If they abolished the parking fees all together then everyone will be much busier, but that’s never going to happen.

‘There’s quite a lot of misconception about the regulations and rules of the clean air zone.

The new rules will see owners of all diesel cars and some other high-emission petrol models charged more.

On September 8 the prices increased for cars which emit 131g/km or more of CO2, after an online consultation period was held throughout July this year.

The precise amount charged varies from vehicle to vehicle, depending on emission’s.

The charges are calculated when you enter your registration number into the parking meter or MiPermit app, which pulls DVLA data and charges you accordingly.

All foreign registered vehicles which can’t be checked will be given the maximum charge.

The London Borough of Lambeth has recently introduced it’s own scheme penalising diesel drivers. 

In the Waterloo area of the borough some diesel car owners have to pay an additional £4.41 an hour to park their vehicle on the streets, pushing the cost above £13. 

Those with resident parking permits within the borough have also seen increases in the cost of parking – even if their cars are within Sadiq Khan’s Ulez standard. 

In the London Borough of Merton, councillors want to increase the price of resident parking permits by almost 17 per cent to keep pace with inflation since the last increase in 2020. 

They said this has led to a £500k-a-year hole in their finances. 

Although, unlike many other areas, instead of a diesel tax, they are planning a carbon surcharge on petrol vehicles with emissions in excess of 226gCO2/km – which would increase the price of a residents permit for many SUV owners by £150-a-year. 

Councillor Stephen Alambritis, Cabinet Member for Transport said: ‘Regrettable though it is, the Council has no choice but to price parking in a way that takes account of rising costs. We are committed to managing and enforcing Controlled Parking Zones and our other highways, while protecting residents’ parking availability and deterring illegal on-street parking.

‘We remain committed to tackling the climate crisis by lowering carbon emissions, with the aim of becoming a Net Zero borough by 2050.’

In Lewisham, electric cars parking on the street pay £1.50-an hour, while petrol cars are charged between £2 and £4 depending on their emissions. 

Diesels are charged between £2.10 and £4.40 depending on emissions, although those which do not reach the Euro-6 Ulez standard face an additional £2 surcharge for parking. 

In Kensington and Chelsea, parking rates depend on the individual area and the type of engine. 

Fully electric or other zero emissions cars pay between £1.50 and £4.50 an hour. Petrol cars, including hybrids, are charged between £2 and £6, while diesel owners pay slightly more, ranging between £2.30 and £6.80 an hour. 

Across in the Royal Borough of Greenwich, Ulep charges were introduced on July 24, 2023 as part of their drive to net zero in 2030. 

Cllr Averil Lekau, Deputy Leader and Cabinet Member for Climate Change, Environment and Transport, said: ‘We’re committed to improving air quality and cutting pollution in Royal Greenwich, to help make the borough a greener, safer and more attractive place to live. 

‘These changes to parking charges and permit costs will encourage residents and businesses to embrace more environmentally friendly ways to travel, including using public transport, low emission vehicles, walking, cycling and scooting. 

‘This is a key part of the Council’s drive to become carbon neutral by 2030. Air pollution is a risk to us all, and particularly the most vulnerable people in our communities. Strong action like this is essential to protecting the health and wellbeing of our residents and tackling the detrimental impact poor air quality and carbon emissions have on our environment.’

Under the scheme, motorists will pay for parking by using the PayByPhone app. Depending on a car’s emissions, drivers will be charged between £2, £5 and £7 an hour. 

In Ealing, west London, annual resident parking permits have been based upon emissions since 2019, while phone parking payments were made emissions based in 2021. 

However, instead of penalising motorists with the most polluting vehicles, they offer discounts of up to 50 per cent for those with the most environmentally-friendly motors. 

 The car parks with 198 different tariffs! It’s the latest war on motorists – councils who charge drivers according to their vehicle’s emissions. And you’ll need a degree in astrophysics to make sense of it

BY TOM RAWSTORNE

Had the Romans faced the same sort of challenges parking their chariots as day-tripper Simona Florea did with her diesel van earlier this week, one wonders if they would have bothered founding Bath in the first place.

Confronted with a giant sign littered with a jumble of words, symbols and numeric charts, the 41-year-old was completely confused and definitely unimpressed.

‘It makes no sense to me,’ says Mrs Florea, a nurse who was on a sightseeing trip to the city with her delivery-driver husband and four-year-old daughter. ‘Our vehicle takes up the same amount of space in the car park as others but we are getting charged different amounts.’

Of course, it wasn’t so long ago that all it required to park your car was to find a space and then the right change for the machine. Not any more.

Because across the country a new front has opened in the war against motorists. 

Confronted with a giant sign littered with a jumble of words, symbols and numeric charts, visitors to Bath look unimpressed 

The new system adopted by Bath and other councils charges motorists on a sliding scale based on their exhaust emissions

Daniel and Simona Florea, from Hereford with daughter Carolina, claimed the system made no sense 

Not content with imposing charges to drive your car into a growing number of city centres, councils are now also targeting certain vehicle owners with increased parking fees, too.

And, worryingly, those in the firing line are often those who can least afford it.

Because the new system adopted by Bath and other councils charges motorists on a sliding scale based on their exhaust emissions, owners of electric cars are charged the least — while the owners of old petrol and diesel cars are hit the hardest.

While in Bath that will see some drivers paying almost 50 per cent, or 80p, more per hour, some London boroughs impose an eye watering £6.50 hourly parking surcharge for diesels.

It’s not just what many argue are unfair costs — but its complexity as well. The sliding scale of charges means that, for example, the Bath system now has a mind-boggling 198 separate tariffs covering the council-run car parks.

These cover the length of stay — from one hour to 24 hours — and how much a specific vehicle would pay depending on seven emission bands or, where that information is not available, four engine sizes. 

A different fee is charged depending on whether the car is diesel or non-diesel, the latter category covering electric and petrol

Those using Bath’s council-owned car parks enter their registration details into one of the ticket machines. 

It then calculates the amount the driver needs to pay based on a vehicle’s carbon dioxide emissions, in line with records held by the DVLA and used for road tax purposes.

Where no emissions rating is available, including all vehicles registered before 2001, the charge is based on engine capacity.

Anyone wanting to know in advance what they will pay would have to use their smartphone to scan a QR code on the car park’s sign that then links to a series of four different tables on the council’s website.

Councils — almost all of which are Labour or Liberal Democrat — claim the goal of all this categorising is to improve air quality.

Councils — almost all of which are Labour or Liberal Democrat — claim the goal of all this categorising is to improve air quality

Where no emissions rating is available, including all vehicles registered before 2001, the charge is based on engine capacity

Similarly perturbed was accountant Katie Dobson who was on holiday from Sheffield with her husband and two children, having travelled in her petrol two-litre Seat Tarraco

‘The new charges aim to incentivise motorists with more polluting vehicles to use more sustainable alternatives when visiting the city centre, like Park and Ride, and encourage a shift to public transport, walking, wheeling [covering wheelchair users and those with mobility scooters or rollators] and cycling,’ is the way Bath’s Lib Dem-run council puts it.

But critics claim it represents a stealth tax which threatens to drive people away from towns and cities where businesses are already struggling because of lack of footfall.

Winchester City Council recently introduced a seven-fold increase in its Sunday parking charges on the basis that ‘air quality doesn’t care what day of the week it is’.

Outraged residents accused them of acting like a ‘Soviet politburo’ while killing off trade and deterring church-goers, forcing council bosses into a screeching U-turn.

There’s no sign of that in Bath, where this week visitors such as Mrs Florea and her husband Daniel were struggling to get to grips with the new system. ‘I’ve never seen this anywhere else, but I saw the sign which told me I might be charged more,’ he says. ‘I put my registration number into the machine but I’m not sure whether I have or haven’t been charged more. Either way, I’m not happy about it.’

Similarly perturbed was accountant Katie Dobson who was on holiday from Sheffield with her husband and two children, having travelled in her petrol two-litre Seat Tarraco.

‘The charge was a bit of a surprise,’ the 46-year-old says. ‘It’s another tax on motorists.

‘There are some people who have no choice but to have the car they’ve got even if it does have higher emissions. They can’t afford to change it.’ It’s a point echoed by Hugh Bladon of the Alliance of British Drivers.

‘Very often the cars they are penalising are older cars that the population who are less well-off can’t afford to replace,’ he says. ‘So what they are doing is penalising the poorest people in society.

‘Councils all over the country are desperate for money and they have got a hatred for anything to do with cars, so they regard them as an easy target. But the more they do this the more they will kill the centres of cities and towns.

‘If I had a business in Bath I know what I would do — I would move it out of there as fast as possible.’

Signage at this car park previously showed 130 possible tariffs available to motorists, prompting ridicule online after radio host Danny Baker highlighted it to his internet followers last year

In the London borough of Lewisham — also Labour — electric vehicles using its Blackheath Grove Car Park have a fixed tariff of £1.50 an hour

From Extinction Rebellion protesters bringing traffic to a grinding halt to ever-expanding clean-air zones, there can be no doubt that motorists are on the front line of the climate change battle.

But while many are keen to do their bit to help the environment by switching to ‘greener’ models, for those struggling during a cost-of-living crisis the maths simply does not add up. Not only do electric vehicles cost up to a third more to purchase, the Government has removed many of the financial incentives that encouraged early-adopters to make the leap.

Now, instead of the ‘carrot’, motorists find themselves facing the ‘stick’ as councils target more polluting cars with a raft of new charges.

Most high profile of these are schemes that see vehicles entering cities facing daily charges based on their emissions.

In London, for example, motorists whose cars do not meet the required standards of the Ultra Low Emission Zone (ULEZ) face a £12.50 fee.

Other cities such as Bath, Birmingham and Bristol impose charges in Clean Air Zones (CAZ), again aiming to reduce air pollution by deterring drivers of older, more polluting vehicles from entering them.

Now the same approach is being extended to cover paid-for parking on streets and in council-controlled car parks.

The latest such scheme was launched in Bath in September.

This was despite a public consultation in which almost 70 per cent of the respondents said they did not support the proposal.

‘How do you expect struggling families to pay these charges? You are forcing them into even more poverty,’ read one response. ‘Not everyone can afford new vehicles. Totally disgusting.’

Another read: ‘Air quality in Bath is fine, we’re a tiny town [city] with significantly less pollution than anywhere else already. Please focus your time elsewhere other than gentrification as there are many more significant issues in Bath such as drug abuse and homelessness.’

Not that public opposition deterred Bath & North East Somerset Council.

In a report by council officers it said such objections were not ‘unexpected’ and that parking was an ’emotive subject’.

‘The council recognises the cost-of-living crisis and is sensitive to the current pressure on families,’ it stated. ‘However, we cannot ignore the need to act to progress measures which aim to improve air quality.’

It claimed that under the new charging structure, a third of car parkers will not have to pay more. And that of the remainder who will see a price rise, two-thirds of them will, on average, have to pay ‘only’ 11p an hour extra.

Interestingly, given Bath’s popularity with overseas tourists, because foreign vehicles are not registered with the DVLA they are automatically charged at the highest price for the chosen duration — even if fully electric.

The tariff paid by diesel car owners is the highest, with an hour’s charge for the most polluting diesel vehicles coming in at £2.50 an hour compared with £1.70 for a zero-emissions car.

It’s a particularly bitter pill for their owners to swallow. The last Labour government introduced tax breaks to encourage their purchase on the basis that they emitted less carbon dioxide than petrol-powered cars.

But it has now been shown that they emit other harmful pollutants, known as nitrogen oxides.

While Bath’s is the newest scheme to launch, in London the use of emission-linked parking charges is increasingly widespread.

In July, the Labour-run Royal Borough of Greenwich council introduced its own version, with the aim of ‘encouraging’ people to drive more environmentally-friendly cars. It now costs three times more to park a high-polluting car than a zero-emission one.

In the London borough of Lewisham — also Labour — electric vehicles using its Blackheath Grove Car Park have a fixed tariff of £1.50 an hour. That compares with £4.40 an hour for the most polluting diesel.

Signage at this car park previously showed 130 possible tariffs available to motorists, prompting ridicule online after radio host Danny Baker highlighted it to his internet followers last year.

Signs have since been streamlined, with a fuller list available only to motorists who scan a QR code that takes them to the council’s website.

Meanwhile in Labour-run Lambeth, since May motorists with a diesel car face paying a surcharge of more than £4 per hour to park on the street in Waterloo, south London, with a maximum tariff of just over £13 per hour.

Amongst those bearing the brunt of such charges is 29-year-old Nick Fulton, a catering engineer who relies on his diesel Renault Kangoo van for work.

‘I use this van five days a week, 12 hours a day, and I’m driving with equipment all over London for my job,’ he says. ‘Work helps me claim some of the money, but I still take a step back sometimes and think, ‘How much?’ when it comes to parking.

‘I hope something will change, but to me it seems like it’s all about making money rather than making the air cleaner. I think the English people will just pay it though. We’re all bark and no bite here and not likely to complain about it.’

But that’s not always the case — as councillors in Winchester recently discovered.

Although not emission-based, the charges they introduced were, again, designed to the background of self-imposed climate change targets.

In July the city council introduced new rates for all motorists, charging them the same on Sunday as for any other day of the week, as well as making them pay to park overnight for the first time.

It saw fees on a Sunday for more than four hours increase in some car parks from £2.10 to £17.

The move was introduced in an attempt to reduce pollution by ‘helping to deliver the carbon neutrality plan’, which commits the council to delivering its services in a carbon-neutral way by next year.

But the changes were greeted with a wave of opposition from business owners, volunteers and worshippers at Winchester Cathedral, with one of the car parks affected just a few hundred yards from the seat of the historic diocese.

Among them was church-goer Olive Bramley who travels to the city from nearby Micheldever to attend an 8am service.

The new fee structure saw her pay a £3.30 overnight charge — because she was parking so early — as well as £1.80 to cover the first hour of the new day rate.

Incredulous, she wrote to the council to check the new parking charges were correct. When she was told they were, it was suggested she instead use a free car park a 15-minute walk away.

‘That’s quite a walk, not even necessarily for an old person, but for someone who finds walking hard,’ the 74-year-old says. ‘There’s no thinking going on, it’s ‘Let’s just get as much money as possible’.’

Faced with growing opposition, the council has now partially backtracked, reducing the overnight parking fee and introducing volunteer permits that give free parking to people who provide services to the community within the city centre.

A victory of sorts, albeit a small one. And one that is unlikely to stop other councils from continuing to target motorists in ever-more cynical and baffling ways.