Ahavuye isanamu, Getty Images
Charlotte Wolter yakina ikibanza ca Messalina, 1875
Poritike y’Ubwami bw’Abaromani (Empire Romain) yari iy’urwenya rwamaze igihe kirekire kandi rwarangwa n’amayeri menshi no kwimbana mu mizi.
Ariko, muri ino poritike ya ruburakigongwe, n’ubwo impfu ziteye amakenga n’ukwimbana mu mizi vyari biri ku kwego rwo hejuru, izina ry’umwamikazi Valeria Messalina ni ryo rivugwa cane mu biterasoni vyiwe bitagira izina.
Uretse ko azwi mu manyanga yiwe yo kurondera kwigumiza ku butegetsi, hejuru ya vyose azwi ko yakunda igitsina birenze urugero.
Yaramenyekanye cane ku buryo amakuru yiwe yashizwe mu gitabo ca kahise, Natural History encyclopedia, igikorwa gikomeye cane c’umwanditsi azwi kw’izina rya Pline l’Ancien/Pliny the Elder (77 inyuma y’umuzo wa Yezu/Yesu), cerekana neza ingene kiremwamuntu ari co gikoko “kitigera gihaga” igitsina.
Nk’uko uyu mwanditsi w’Umuromani abivuga, Messalina yaravyerekanye mu guhiganwa “n’umwe mu ndaya za mbere karuhariwe” kugira ngo barabe uwushobora kuryamana n’abagabo benshi gusumba abandi bose mu masaha 24.
“Uyu mwamikazi yarushije bose mu gukora imibonano mpuzabitsina ataruhutse, ijoro n’umurango, gushika ku mugabo agira 25” (Igitabo X, igice ca. 83).
Amakuru nk’aya yaragize uruhara mu kwerekana ishusho ya Messalina ituma bigorana cane kumenya ingene uyu mugore yari ameze neza neza.
Nico gikorwa umwanditsi kuri kahise k’Abagiriki n’Abalatini ba kera (classicist) Honor Cargill-Martin, ari na we yanditse igitabo “Messalina: A Story of Empire, Slander and Adultery” (twogereranya mu Kirundi tuti ‘Messalina: Inkuru y’ubwami, y’ibitutsi n’ukurenga ibigo’), yihaye gukora.
Ubutegetsi giturumbuka
Ahavuye isanamu, Getty Images
Amashusho yerekana ubusambanyi bwa Messalina yashushanijwe mu 1867-1868 na Federico Faruffini
Messalina yari umugore agira gatatu wa Claudius, umwami yashikanye ubutegetsi bw’Abaromani muri Afrika y’Uburaruko yongera agira Ubwongereza intara.
Ntibizwi neza igihe yavukiye, ariko bifatwa ko igihe barongorana yari afise imyaka iri hagati ya 15 na 18, mu gihe Claudius wewe yariko aregereza imyaka 50.
N’aho bizwi ko Messalina yavuka muri umwe mu miryango yari itunze cane, yubahitse kandi ikomeye, mbere n’umugabo wiwe akaba yavuka i bwami, nta kintu na kimwe cerekana ko yari gushobora kuba umwamikazi.
Claudius yakunda kurwaragurika, akaba umuntu acumbagira, agigimiza, asa nabi, eka yari afise ububi bwose, kandi yavuga nabi, ku buryo n’umuryango wiwe utumva y’uko yari akwiye kuba umwami.
Mu kiringo kitari gito, yitayeho kwandika ibitabo kuri kahise mbere aja kure y’ubutegetsi gushika aho umwishwa wiwe, Umwami Caligula, amugena nk’umucamanza mukuru n’umukenguzamateka.
Yashitse ku butegetsi giturumbuka, igihe Caligula agandagurwa, hari mu kwa mbere igenekerezo rya 24, umwaka wa 41, hanyuma umusirikare amusanga (Claudius) mu kirimba ariko aradegedwa.
Ku musi wakurikiye, ingabo zo ku kirimba (Garde prétorienne/Praetorian Guard) zaciye zimugira umwami.
Poritike y’akanywababo
Ahavuye isanamu, Getty Images
Kalawudiyo yategetse kuva mu mwaka wa 41 gushika apfuye muri 54
Ico gihe, Roma yari icimenyereza intwaro itunganijwe mu buryo bushasha.
Claudius yari umwami agize kane wo mu muryango wa cami wa Julio-Claudia, ari na wo wa mbere w’Ubwami bw’Abaromani, wari ku butegetsi kuva mu mwaka wa 27 imbere y’umuzo wa Yezu/Yesu.
Mu kiringo hafi cose c’imbere y’aha, Roma yari Repubulika, irongowe n’inama nkenguzamateka yari igizwe n’abakire hamwe n’abacamanza batorwa.
Ariko inyuma y’intambara yo hagati mu gihugu (guerre civile) hagati ya Jules César na Pompée le Grand/ Pompey the Great yamaze hafi igice c’ikinjana, Auguste yaraje agarukana amahoro, iterambere n’umutekano, bisubirira ubutegetsi bw’agahotoro.
Poritike yaciye iva mu makoraniro no mu mahuriro yo ku mugaragaro ica itangura gukorerwa mu kanywababo mu kirimba c’umwami.
Kuva ico gihe, ubucuti umuntu yaba afitaniye n’umwami ni bwo bwaciye buja hejuru hakuraba ikibanza umuntu yaba afise mu nama nkenguzamateka.
Ariko rero, ni nde yari yegeranye n’umwami gusumba umwamikazi yari yicaye hampande yiwe.
Ariko nimba hari ikintu Messalina yari yigiye ku kirimba ca Caligula, ni uko nubwo kuba hafi y’umwami bishobora guha inguvu n’ayandi mahirwe Umuromani uwo ari we wese, biratuma ubuzima bwiwe buja mu kaga.
Icigwa yahakuye
Ahavuye isanamu, Getty Images
Igishusho ca Messalina ateruye Britannicus mu kinjana ca mbere inyuma ya Yezu
Poritike yo ku kirimba c’Abaromani yari iy’ubugome.
“Ibintu ntivyari vyoroshe na gato: iyo uri umwami, wari uzi neza ko inzira yonyene yo kubuvako yari urupfu”, niko Cargill-Martin yabwiye ikiganiro HistoryExtra ca BBC.
“Ni co gituma batashaka kubuvako, kuko mu gihe bakoze nabi, bashobora kwicwa.
“Claudius na Messalina bari bazi neza akaga kari kabarindiriye kubera ikibanza cabo, na rirya bari biboneye ababatanguriye ingene batabaguriwe ku kirimba”.
“Caligula yishwe bunyamaswa ku buryo hadutse n’ibihuha ko abantu bariye ibice vy’umubiri wiwe.
“Hampande yiwe, bishe kandi umugore wiwe n’umukobwa wabo kubera baboneka ko bashobora guteza ibibazo muri kazoza”, nk’uko uno mwanditsi abishimangira.
Igihe ibi vyose vyaba, abari biteze kuba abagabekabi (regents) b’umwami bari bafise umukobwa yahakwa kungana n’uwa Caligula, kandi Messalina yari yibungenze imbanyi y’amezi umunani y’umuhungu wiwe akaba na samuragwa Britannicus.
“Nibaza ko ari co gituma, Messalina, kuva ku musi wa mbere ashitse ku butegetsi, yari azi neza ko yategerezwa gukora ibishoboka vyose kugira ntabuveko, kandi iyi ngendo niyo yamuranze mu kiringo cose yamaze ku ngoma”.
Mu kiringo c’imyaka hafi nka cumi, ashobora kuba yari we mugore wa mbere yari akomeye mu karere kose ka Méditerranée.
Ni we yari ku ntebe y’iki kirimba c’akaga, igihe cose akaba yiteguye kandi ashoboye gukora ikintu ico ari co cose kugira ngo agumane intebe yiwe.
Yagize uruhara rudasanzwe mu manyanga ya poritike, agategura ingene abansi biwe bakubitwa intahe mu gahanga kugira ngo bomorwe canke banyongwe.
Kandi yarashoboye kuguma ku ngoma gushika mu mpera z’umwaka wa 48 inyuma y’umuzo wa Yesu/Yesu igihe, mu buryo budasanzwe kandi butangaje cane, agandagurwa.
Gufuta ivyibukirizo vyiwe
Ahavuye isanamu, Getty Images
Messalina amanuka ku ngazi mu gikino “Messalina” ya Isidoro de Lara. Ni igishusho ca Henri de Toulouse-Lautrec
Inyuma y’urupfu rwiwe, hategetswe ko hakorwa icitwa damnatio memoriae (twofata ko ari ukumuvana mu mateka y’igihugu, ni ijambo ryakoreshwa mu kiromani aho reta yakubita intahe mu gahanga iragi ry’umuntu yafatwa ko yari umugesera, umuhemu canke ikindi kibi cose co guhemukira igihugu).
Ico gihe, ikintu ico ari co cose co kumwibukirako carakuweho, ibishusho vyiwe birasenyurwa, izina ryiwe rirafutwa mu nyandiko z’igihugu.
Mu myaka mirongo yakurikiye, iki gihengeri muri kahise k’igihugu caherekejwe n’ibihuha vyamuvugako vyinshi, aho izina ryiwe ryagereranywa na kanoko (umuntu akunda igitsina mu buryo burengeje urugero).
Uyu mugore yavugwa ko yasa n’irirenga, akaba afise imishatsi yirabura tsikiri, afise n’ikibuno kiryoheye ijisho n’akamwenyuro katuma buri mugabo wese amwipfuza, yabaye intangarugero mu nyandiko zitari nke nk’iza Décimo Junio Juvenal wo mu kinjana ca mbere n’ica kabiri, aho muri imwe mu nyandiko ziwe z’agahemo (satire) yamwise “umwamikazi w’indaya”.
Avuga mu majambo aramvuye ko umugabo wiwe akimara gusinzira, yaca ava ku kirimba yiyambitse imishatsi y’inginagina kugira ngo yiyoberanye, agaca aja mu nzu y’indaya “kubera yikundira igitanda kizimbutse hakuja ku gitanda nyaco”.
Aho rero ahashitse, yaca aryama “ari gusa n’imoko ziwe z’inzahabu” abakiriya bagakurakuranwa, gushika uwugenzura indaya amutegetse gutaha, “yapfuye n’uburuhe ariko atarahaga”.
Mu kiringo c’ibinjana bitari bike, ivyamuvugwako vy’ubusambanyi no kurenga ibigo vyariganziye ibitabo, udukino n’amafirime.
Cargill-Martin yavuze ati: “Inyuma y’urupfu rwiwe yabaye ikimenyetso c’imibonano mpuzabitsina y’urudavagi, hanyuma inkuru hafi zose zijanye n’ibikorwa vyiwe vya poritike zikaba zaramizwe n’amakuru avuga Messalina nk’umugore atigera ahaga igitsina.
“Ariko tugerageje tukihweza ingingo za poritike yafata, nibaza ko ari ibintu bigaragara ko nyinshi muzi zo zafi zifise intumbero yo kwigizayo ikintu ico ari co cose cari kuza kibangamira ubutegetsi bwiwe canke ubw’umugabo kubera yari azi ko amatungo yiwe hamwe n’ay’abana yari afitaniye isano n’ubutegetsi bwa Claudius, ko rero bwategerezwa kubandanya”.
Umuntu adasanzwe
Ahavuye isanamu, Getty Images
Messalina na Gaius Silius bari mu nzu y’indaya, igishushanyo ca Nicolaes Knüpfer, 1655
Messalina si we mugore wenyene afise kahise kasibanganijwe n’abanditsi bo ku butegetsi bwa kera bw’Abaromani, ariko uyu mwanditsi asigura ko ata n’umwe wundi “afise kahise kagoye nka we. Ni umuntu adasanzwe”.
“Yaramenyekanye nk’icitegererezo c’umugore katamanikirwa mu mibonano mpuzabitsina.
“Ariko nibaza ko ari nkenerwa kumenya ko ubu atari bwo buryo bwonyene bwo gusibanganya abagore b’ibihangange Baromani; hariho n’ubundi buryo.
“Nk’akarorero, uwasubiriye Messalina, Agrippina, na we nyene yerekanwa nk’umugore w’‘umugesera’, ariko mu nzira y’igihushane hafi ku kantu kamwe kamwe.
“Messalina aboneka nk’umuntu aryoherwa birenze urugero kandi atiyumvira, arenga akarimbi ku buryo aboneka ko yitwara kigore birenze urugero mu kibanza ca poritike categerezwa kuba kirimwo umugabo.
“Agrippina aboneka ko arenga akarimbi kubera yitwara cane kigabo: umuntu yiyumvira cane kandi afise imigambi myinshi”.
Iherezo ribi
Ariko si ukuvuga ko ivyavuzwe vyose kuri we ari ibinyoma.
“N’aho abanditsi ba kahise b’Abaromani bakunda kurema abantu b’intangarugero, kandi Messalina akagirwa icitegererezo c’umugore yakunda imibonano mpuzabitsina y’urudavagi, si nibaza ko twohava twiyibagiza ko yari umusambanyi karuhariwe, akaba n’umuntu yarenga ibigo cane”.
Iciyongera kuri ibi bihuha biteye isoni, dufashe nka kimwe kivugwa na Juvenal, hariho n’ibindi vyumvikana cane, nk’uko Cargill-Martin yabivuze.
Arangiza avuga ko bishoboka y’uko yoba yararyamana n’abagabo batari bake nka Mnester, umukinyi wa mbere karuhariwe w’udukino ico gihe, hamwe kandi na Gaius Silius yafatwa nk’umukire wa mbere yasa neza mu bwami bwose bw’Abaromani.
Ahavuye isanamu, Getty Images
Igishusho c’urupfu rwa Messalina ca Georges Rochegrosse, 1916
Bivugwa ko uyu wa nyuma yatumye ata umutwe, nta n’anyegeze akari ku mutima mbere akanashaka gushika kure cane gusumba uwundi mukunzi uwo ari we wese yashobora kumuronka.
“Ni ho rero, mu mpera z’umwaka wa 48, twabona amarorerwa adasanzwe yagiye kurangirana n’urupfu rwa Messalina.
“Nk’uko ababibonye babisiguye, Claudius yari yagiye gutembera mu gisagara ca Ostia kiri ku nkengera y’ikiyaga hanyuma Messalina na Gaius Silius, bari mu rukundo rwinshi, bafata ingingo yo kurongorana mu gihe umwami atariho yar’ari, hanyuma bace bategura kumutembagaza kugira ngo bace bafata ubutegetsi bw’i Roma”.
Iki gice gitangaje caravuzwe cane n’abanditsi batari bake ba kahise b’Abaromani, nk’akarorero Tacite/Tacitus avyandika yumiwe, mu gitabo c’ibikorwa vya kahise (Annals), 11.26:
“Ndazi ko bisa n’ibitumvikana kubona, mu gisagara kiri maso nka Roma, hari umuntu ashobora kuba yariyumvira ko yari atekaniwe.
Ikirengeye, kwiyumvira ko ku musi uri izina, imbere y’ivyabona, umucamanza mukuru n’umugore w’umwami bari guhura bakaragana ko barongoranye. Umugore akabwirwa amajambo ko arongowe, akambara umwitwikiro, akarahira imbere y’Imana. Hanyuma bagafungurira abashitsi, bagasomana, bagahoberana, bikarangira bahawe urupapuro rwemeza ko barongoranye, hanyuma bakamarana ijoro ryose nk’umugabo n’umugore.
“Ariko nta kintu na kimwe nongeyeko: ibi vyose ndiko ndavuga ni igishingantahe canditse canke cavuzwe ku munwa na ba sokuru banje”.
Nk’uko vyari vyitezwe, Claudius yarahawe aya makuru aca asubira i Roma ubutarariye.
Umucakara yari yahawe ubwigenge, Narciso, uyu akaba yahoze ari incuti ya Messalina akaba n’umuhanuzi w’umwami, yaciye afata ibintu mu minwe.
Mu masaha makeya gusa, Silius n’abandi “Baromani umunani bari bakomeye ”, bakaba bahoze ari abahabara b’umwamikazi, harimwo na Mnester, barahagaritswe, bakubitwa intahe mu gahanga hanyuma baranyongwa.
Messalina agerageje ngo avugane n’umugabo wiwe, Narciso yaramuzibiye; hanyuma Claudius amaze gutanga itegeko ko umugore wiwe ashengezwa ku musi wakurikiye, kubera hari ubwoba ko Cesar yari guhava amukunda hanyuma akamubabarira, Narciso yarungitse ingabo kumwica.
Agize ngo arahungiye mu mirima yiwe i Rome kandi abona neza ko ata yandi mahungiro afise, abonye abari baje kumwica bashitse, Messalina yaragerageje kwiyahura, ariko yasavye umwe muri bo ko yomufasha, uyu nawe aca afata inkota ayimusogota mu gikiriza.
Ivyo vyoshoboka?
Ku bwa Cargill-Martin, aya makuru arateye amakenga ku mvo zitari nke.
Ati: “Nta cemezo nyaco na kimwe cerekana ko Messalina na Silius bateguye kubogoza Claudius. Kandi ndibaza ko iyo ufashe ingingo yo kurongora umukunzi wawe asanzwe yubatse kandi umugabo wiwe, Umwami w’igihugu kizwi kw’isi yose, atari na kure, ni ngombwa ko uba ufise integuro y’ico uzoca ukora mu nyuma”.
Avuga kandi ko hampande y’ivyo, Messalina ata mvo n’imwe yari kumutuma akora ibintu nk’ivyo.
Ati: “Uretse ko ivyo ata kintu na kimwe vyari kumwungura uravye igihagararo yari asanganywe, vyari gushira abana biwe mu kaga gakomeye cane gusumba uko bari kumererwa mu gihe Claudius yari kuguma ku butegetsi.
“Nibaza ahubwo ko ikintu cari gushobora kuba kwari ukurondera ukubogoza Messalina we nyene, biteguwe n’abahoze ari incuti ziwe mu muryango wa cami bari batanguye kumubona ko yari abangamiye ukubaho kwabo.
“Kandi uwu mugambi ahanini wateguwe na Narcissus kugira ngo amwikureko, intego yashitseko neza cane”.
Messalina amaze kwicirwa mw’itongo ryiwe i Roma hanyuma Claudius agahabwa inkuru ko yapfuye, bivugwa ko ata nsiguro yasavye…yasavye gusa akandi karahuri k’umuvinyu.
