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N’aho bari bafise ibikoresho vyinshi kandi bikomeye, abasirikare ba Amerika bagiye kwisanga barushijwe
Intambara ya Vietnam (1955-75) ni imwe mu ntambara rutikizabantu iheruka, intambara yahitanye abarenga imiriyoni 2.5.
Ariko hejuru ya vyose, yibukwa nk’intambara Reta Zunze Ubumwe za Amerika zatsinwe bikomeye.
Muri ino ndwi hari haramutswe hahimbazwa imyaka 50 irangiye abasirikare ba nyuma ba Amerika bavuye muri Vietnam ku wa 29 Ntwarante (3) 1973.
Ingingo ya Perezida Richard Nixon yo kuva muri ico gihugu yabaye ingingo ikomeye cane, kubera umugambi w’amahoro wagoyagoya waciye inzira y’intsinzi y’igisirikare ca Vietnam ya Ruguru inyuma y’imyaka ibiri.
Igihe intambara yaduka mu 1955 hagati ya Vietnam ya Ruguru yagendera ku vyiyumviro vya gikomunista ikaba yari ifise umugwa mukuru Hanoi, hamwe na Vietnam y’Epfo yagendera ku vyiyumviro vy’aba-capitaliste igatwarirwa mu gisagara ca Saigon nk’umugwa mukuru, Vietnam y’Epfo yaciye itangura kuronka imfashanyo za gisirikare yahabwa na Amerika, mu buryo bwo kwiyunguruza, inyigisho, ibirwanisho n’amasasu.
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Umusirikare wa Amerika mu ntambara ya Vietnam
Mu 1965, Reta Zunze Ubumwe za Amerika niho zarungika ingabo za mbere maze zinjira muri iyo ntambara amenya, zizeye ko igisirikare cazo rutura cari gutsinda mu kanya isase.
Ifise amato y’intambara yari agezweho, indege z’intambara, uri izitera amabombe, za kajugujugu be na za misire, Amerika yari izi ko igisirikare ca Vietnam ya Ruguru hamwe n’umuhari Viet Cong batari kuragama imbere yayo n’udukoho dusanzwe, amagrenades, ama-chars hamwe n’inkoho zo kurasa indege, ibirwanisho vyaboneka ko ataco bimaze imbere yayo.
Amerika yarekuriye kuri Vietnam ya Ruguru, Vietnam y’Epfo, Laos na Cambodge amatoni imiriyoni 7.5 z’amabombe, igitigiri gisumba kure amabombe yakoreshejwe n’impande zompi mu ntambara ya kabiri y’isi yose, kandi kikaba ari gitigiri ca mbere kinini kimaze gukoreshwa mu ntambara gushika ubu.
Ahavuye isanamu, Getty Images
Indege zo mu bwoko bwa B-52 zarakoze ibitero bikomeye cane muri Vietnam
Hejuru y’ibi bibombe hiyongerako amatoni 400.000 ya vya bisasu biturira vya napalm, imiriyoni 75 z’amalitiro y’ubumara bwa Agent Orange be n’ubundi buturira amashamba, hamwe n’amamiriyoni amajana n’amajana y’amasasu, nk’uko ibiharuro bivyerekana.
Hagati aho, mu buryo butari bwitezwe, abakomunista bari barongowe na Ho Chi Minh – yahavuye asubirirwa na Ton Duc Thang amaze gupfa mu 1969 – baje kwisanga batsinze intambara. None ibi vyagenze gute?
Ubutegetsi ruburakigongwe bwiyemeje gupfa canke gukira
“Urashobora kwica cumi mu bantu banje ku muntu umwe umwe wese wawe twishe. Ariko n’aho ari uko, uzoruhira gutsindwa natwe dutsinde”.
Ico civugo ca Ho Chi Minh cahavuye kiba co n’aho atashoboye kubibona kubera yahavuye apfa yishwe n’ingwara y’umutima ku myaka 79 mu gihe intambara yari ishushe.
Ahavuye isanamu, Getty Images
Azwi cane kw’izna rya “Uncle Ho”, Ho Chi Minh (1890-1969) yafatwa nk’intwari y’ubwigenge mu gihugu kandi ubutegetsi bwiwe bwagize uruhara runini mu kwizigirwa no kuronka imfashanyo ku ruhande rw’abakomunista muri Vietnam
“Ubutegetsi bwa Vietnam ya Ruguru bwari ruburakigongwe: bwarondera gutsinda uko vyogenda kwose butaravye ngo bwatakaje abanyagihugu bangana iki. Ibi vyarakozeko iki gihugu, ariko impera ya vyose vyavuyemwo umwimbu mwiza”, nk’uko bivugwa na Mark Lawrence, umwigisha mu vya kahise kuri kaminuza Austin University, akaba amaze kwandika ibitabo bitari bike ku Ntambara ya Vietnam.
Igisirikare c’abakomunista catakaje ingabo zababa umuriyoni, nk’uko biri mu biharuro, mu gihe Abanyamerika barenga gato 58.000 bapfuye, hampande y’ingabo za Vietnam y’Epfo zababa 300.000 zishwe. Abasivire bari hagati y’igice c’umuriyoni n’imiriyoni zibiri nabo nyene barahatikiriye.
Uyu mwigisha wa kaminuza asigura ko Abakomunista “bakoresheje neza cane” izina rya “Uncle Ho”, umutegetsi yakundwa cane kuko ari we yarongoye igihugu mu rugamba rwo kwikurako umukoloni w’umufaransa, “abatera intege kandi yari ndaryumako ku ntumbero ya poritike bari bafise”.
Mu ncamake avuga ati: “Intwaro ya Vietnam ya Ruguru yari uruvangatirane rw’ubutegetsi abanyagihugu biyumvamwo hamwe n’ukwiyemeza gupfa canke gukira kugira ngo bashike ku ntego yabo mu buryo bwose”.
Imyobo, imiteko, Kalash
Amayeri ingabo za Hanoi zakoresheje mu rugamba yaragize uruhara mu gutsinda Amerika.
Umuhari Vietcong – inyeshamba zari zegamiye Vietnam ya Ruguru zarwanira muri Vietnam y’Epfo – warerekanye ko wari ndaryumeko, wivyukiranya kandi utagugumwa gusumba uko abanyamerika bashobora kuba bavyibaza”, nk’uko bivugwa na Lawrence.
Mu gihe bari bazi ko batari bafise inguvu za gisirikare zingana z’iza Amerika bari bahanganye, Abakomunista bakoresheje intambara ya kanyeshamba: bakoresha uburyo buke bushoboka, bakirinda guhangana amaso mu yandi n’umwansi yari yiteguye neza kandi afise uburyo bwinshi, ahubwo bakiyoberanya mu kwivanga n’abanyagihugu basanzwe, hanyuma bagakora ibitero vya tera twiruke, cane cane mw’ijoro.
Ahavuye isanamu, Getty Images
Inyeshamba za Viet Cong zari zimenyereye ishamba kandi zizi n’akarere, ivyabaye akarusho gakomeye
Kubona kandi bari bazi neza cane amashamba ya Vietnam vyarabafashije, mu gutegura imyobo n’imitego y’ubwoko bwose vyashobora gutesha umutwe umwansi.
Hampande y’ibi, Vietnam yari ishigikiwe n’Ubushinwa hamwe na Reta Zuze Ubumwe z’Abasoviyeti, mu kubaronsa uburyo bwatwaye imiriyaridi zababa zibiri z’amadorari y’Abanyamerika nk’uko ibiharuro bivyerekana, harimwo ibirwanisho 8000 vyo kurasa indege, be n’ama-chars, amasasu, amagrenades, n’inkoho zitagira igitigiri zo mu bwoko bwa Kalachnikov (Kalash, canke AK-47), abenshi bakavuga ko izi nkoho zakoze ibintu bidasanzwe muri iyo ntambara.
Ahavuye isanamu, Getty Images
Inkoho za Kalash, nk’iyi ifiswe n’uyu murwanyi wa Viet Cong, zarakoze no mu gihe c’ubukonje n’ivyondo mw’ishamba gusumba inkoho za M-16 z’igisirikare ca Amerika
Imfashanyo y’Ubushinwa n’iy’Ubumwe bw’Abasoviyeti, nk’uko bivugwa na Lawrence, “yarafashije Vietnam ya Ruguru kubandanya intambara, n’inyuma y’aho baba bakubiswe bikomeye ku rubuga rw’intambara”.
“Ntiyigeze yegereza na gato imfashanyo Vietnam y’Epfo yahabwa na Amerika, ariko yarabaye kirumara kandi irafasha gutahura igituma Amerika yananiwe no gushika ku ntego zayo”.
Intwaro y’agahotoro yamunzwe n’igiturire
Kuri uno muhinga mu vya kahise, ikintu nyamukuru catumye Amerika ikubitwa cabaye ukunanirwa no gushiraho ubutegetsi nyabwo muri Vietnam y’Epfo, bwari kwizigirwa no gufatwa mu mugongo n’abanyagihugu benshi.
Ati: “Uku kwabaye ukunanirwa mu rugamba rwa poritike ku buryo ata nguvu za gisirikare zashobora kugarura ibintu”.
Ubutegetsi bwa Ngo Dinh Diem, umukuru w’igihugu ca Vietnam y’Epfo kuva 1955 gushika yicwe mu 1963 igihe intwaro yiwe itembagarijwe, bwaranzwe n’igiturire be n’ihohotera, cane cane ryakorerwa abo mw’idini ry’aba-Boudhiste kandi bari bo benshi mu gihugu – we akaba yari umukatorika.
Mu myaka yakurikiye, intwaro zagiye zikurikirana zarananiwe no kwizerwa n’abanyagihugu ba Vietnam y’Epfo, abenshi bakaba bari abirimizi kandi bashigikiye umuhari Vietcong wari wabemereye amatongo n’iterambere.
Hanyuma kandi, n’aho Amerika yabaha imfashanyo ikabubakira n’ibitari bike, abanyagihugu benshi ntibayiyumvamwo, bakayibona nk’igihugu gishaka kubandanya ubutegetsi bwa gikoloni gikorana n’amareta ya Saigon yamunzwe na ruswa, akabakorera n’ubwicanyi bw’agahomerabunwa.
Ibi vyabaye akarusho gakomeye kuri Vietcong, inyeshamba zayo zakingirwa n’abanyagihugu bakongera bakazigaburira mu mihana yabo, ivyatuma umunyamerika atabaca n’ikanda.
Muri Amerika barayiyamirije
Ukunanirwa no kurwana muri ako karere katari koroshe kwateje ubwoba mu ngabo za Amerika, zica zitangura gukora amabi atagira izina mu banyagihugu ba Vietnam.
Amakuru y’ubwicanyi nk’ubwabaye mu 1968 ahitwa My Lai, aho abasirikare bagandaguye abasivire bari hagati ya 350 na 500, harimwo abagore n’abakorwa bari babanje gusambanya ku nguvu, yaratanguye kuja ahabona – no guteza ubwoba – mu banyagihugu ba Reta Zunze Ubumwe za Amerika.
Ahavuye isanamu, Getty Images
Amafoto nk’aya yareretse amakungu ubwicanyi bw’agahomerabunwa i My Lai
Aha ni ngombwa kumenyesha ko intambara ya Vietnam yari yo ya mbere ikomeye yatanguye kwerekanwa ku mboneshakure ikanandikwako mu binyamakuru.
Amasanamu y’agahomerabunwa, nk’ay’ubwicanyi bwa My Lai canke abana bariko baturirwa na napalm mu tundi turere twa Vietnam, yarababaje Abanyamerika maze asambura ivyavugwa n’ubutegetsi ko yari intambara yo gushigikira demokarasi mu kurwanya umwansi w’igipfamutima.
Ahavuye isanamu, Getty Images
Imwe mu mafoto yakoze cane ku mutima abantu muri iyo ntambara: ni iy’aba banyagihugu ba Vietnam bahunze imihana yabo inyuma y’igitero, bateruye abana baturiwe na napalm
Hatanguye kandi kumenyekana ivy’umugambi Phoenix watangujwe na CIA wo kumenya no gusambura Vietcong hakoreshejwe kubica no kubaboreza igufa, mu buryo bwinshi butemewe n’amategeko.
Hanyuma mu 1971, ishirahamwe ry’abakukuruke b’Intambara ya Vietnam bashize ahabona icegeranyo muri Detroit cerekana ko ubu bwicanyi butashitse uko nyene, ko ahubwo yari inkurikizi ya poritike ya Washington.
Igitigiri c’ingabo za Amerika zapfa izindi zigakomereka, hakiyongerako urwaruka rwataha ruvuye mu ntambara rwahahamutse cane, na vyo vyagize ingaruka zikomeye ku banyagihugu ba Amerika bagenda babona ko igihugu cariko kiratakariza ubusa.
Nico catumye haduka imyiyerekano ikomeye yahuriyemwo canke yateguwe n’imirwi itandukanye y’abanyagihugu, kuva ku banyeshure n’abakozi gushika ku baharanira gateka ka muntu, amashirahamwe aharanira uburenganzira bwa muntu, abaharanira ibidukikije eka mbere n’abakukuruke bari barwanye iyi ntambara.
Irangira ryayo
Hampande y’igitsure caterwa n’abanyagihugu, hari uburyo butagira uko bungana bwakoreshwa muri ino ntambara ivugwa ko hagati ya 1965 na 1973 yatwaye uburyo bungana n’imiriyaridi 120 z’amadorari y’Abanyamerika, umuzigo wari uremereye cane ku gihugu cari cafashe umugambi wo gushira uburyo bwinshi mu bisata vyo kurwiza umwimbu mu gihugu.
“Impari zari mu gihugu zatumye biba ngombwa ko abategetsi mu 1968 barondera ingene bokura Reta Zunze Ubumwe muri iyo ntambara”, nk’uko bivugwa na Lawrence.
“Mu rwego rwa poritike, ntivyumvikana ko igihugu cari kubandanya n’intambara idahera, rero isekeza ryo kurwanya intambara ryatumye abategetsi ba Amerika bahindura amayeri mu kurondera ko hoba ibiganiro vy’amahoro”, niko avuga, n’aho abona ko iki kiza mu nyuma mu vyatumye iki gihugu co muri Amerika y’uburaruko gitsindwa ku rugamba, ugereranije n’ivyavuzwe aho hejuru, nk’ivyerekeye ishaka ry’abanya-Vietnam ya Ruguru hamwe n’ingorane z’ubutegetsi muri Vietnam y’Epfo.
Ahavuye isanamu, Getty Images
Imyiyerekano nk’iyi yabereye i New York yakwiye igihugu cose, ivyabangamiye reta ya Amerika
Mu kwa mbere 1973, Amerika niho yahavuye ibona ko itari gushobora gutsinda iyi ntambara, bica biba ngombwa ko itera igikumu ku masezerano y’amahoro y’i Paris na Vietnam ya Ruguru, yatumye Vietnam y’Epfo igira ubwigenge.
Hagati aho, nta gihe kinini cahaciye intambara isubira kwaduka hagati y’izi mpande zibiri. Bivanye n’uko ata ngabo za Amerika zari ku rubuga, Vietcong yarakubise reta yagoyagoya ya Saigon ica isubiza hamwe igihugu kw’ibendera ritukura rifise inyenyeri y’umuhondo hagati n’intwaro y’umugambwe umwe rudende ari nayo iramutswa igihugu kuva ku wa 30 Ndamukiza (4) gushika uno musi.
