Horticulture contributes around 30.4% to the Gross Domestic Product (GDP) while using only 13.1% of the gross cropped area, making it a significant player in India’s agricultural growth. In recent years, the total horticulture production in India has even exceeded the total production of food grains, highlighting the potential of the sector. Horticulture not only contributes to the nutritional needs of the country but also creates additional job opportunities in rural areas, expands the range of agricultural activities, and generates higher incomes for farmers.
The productivity of horticulture has increased significantly from 8.8 tonnes per hectare (TPH) in 2001-02 to 12.1 TPH in 2020-21, leading to a sharp rebound in production and acreage, far outpacing foodgrains production since 2012-13. In 2021-22, the total horticulture production was around 341.63 million tonnes, with fruit production at around 107.10 million tonnes and vegetable production at around 204.61 million tonnes. With its vast production base in horticulture, there is ample opportunity for export, with fresh fruits and vegetables being a major contributor. APEDA estimates that the country exported fresh fruits and vegetables worth INR 11,412.50 crore during 2021-22. Bangladesh, UAE, Nepal, Netherlands, Malaysia, Sri Lanka, the UK, Oman, and Qatar are the major export destinations for fresh fruits and vegetables.
But despite the fact that India’s horticulture sector is growing, the country’s share in global trade remains insignificant, accounting for only 1% of the global trade in vegetables and fruits. Export growth is being undermined by production challenges, marketing challenges, inadequate transport infrastructure, fragmented supply chains, and insufficient storage facilities. These factors result in delays and wastage and discourage farmers from improving the quality of their produce.
The horticulture sector faces many production challenges that stop it from realising its full potential, such as small operational landholdings, lack of irrigation and poor soil management. Take for instance, small operational landholdings that limit the amount of land available for cultivation, which in turn limits the number of horticultural crops that can be produced. Limited land availability also affects crop rotation and the use of sustainable agricultural practices, as small farmers may not have the space to rotate crops effectively or implement sustainable soil management practices. This can lead to reduced yields and decreased soil fertility over time.
Insufficient access to water for irrigation, coupled with poor soil management practices such as over-tilling, over-fertilising, and monocropping, can reduce soil fertility, leading to lower yields and lower-quality produce. Lack of irrigation can be particularly detrimental during dry spells or droughts, where crops can quickly wither and die due to insufficient water supply. In contrast, excessive water can also be harmful, leading to waterlogging, root damage, and reduced yields. The Government is addressing the irrigation problem through the Pradhan Mantri Krishi Sinchayee Yojana (PMKSY), which aims to promote the development of irrigation infrastructure, expand the cultivable areas, and enhance on-farm water efficiency. Pests and diseases are another constant threat to horticultural crops. Insect infestations, fungal infections, and other diseases can spread quickly, leading to lower production levels and crop losses.
The limited outreach of farm insurance and farm mechanisation, combined with a lack of access to institutional credit for small and marginal farmers, contribute to lower investment in the sector. To ensure the flow of adequate credit, the Government sets annual targets for the flow of credit to the agriculture sector, Banks have been consistently surpassing the annual target. Notably, the Government provides interest subvention of 2% on short-term crop loans up to INR 3 lakh. Climate change, such as changing weather patterns, droughts, floods, and other natural disasters, is another significant challenge that can lead to crop failures and losses, which ultimately affects the sector’s overall output. Land lease constraints also pose a challenge, particularly for small farmers who may not have access to adequate land for cultivation.
The horticulture sector also suffers because of weak Farmer Producer Organisations (FPOs), which typically play a vital role in the development of the horticulture sector by providing farmers with access to markets, financing, and technical assistance. The weakness of these organisations contributes to the sector’s challenges, limiting farmers’ ability to benefit fully from the opportunities available. Recognising the need to increase the bargaining power of farmers, the Government is implementing an FPO formation and promotion scheme with a budgetary outlay of over INR 6,300 crore. This scheme aims to promote the formation and strengthening of FPOs and agri-entrepreneurship development among farmers.
The horticulture marketing chain faces its own set of challenges due to the perishable nature of fruits and vegetables, which makes it difficult to store and transport them efficiently. Poor logistics and lack of equitable cold storage and warehousing facilities contribute to delays and wastages. The cold storage distribution among the states is inequitable, with around 59% of the storage capacity (i.e., 21 MMT) present in the four states of Uttar Pradesh, West Bengal, Gujarat, and Punjab, and most of it is only for the potato crop. Top crops have a short shelf life because of the absence of storage and warehousing facilities, which causes price rises in the same months every year. There is also a lack of guidance for farmers on which crops to plant, resulting in overproduction of certain commodities and shortages of others.
The horticulture sector will have to take measures to improve its production and value chain system. To address the issues faced by the horticulture sector, Bayer and The Economic Times have come together to organise a national seminar called the India Horticulture Future Forum 2023 on 26 April 2023. Grant Thornton Bharat LLP is the Knowledge Partner for the event. The forum aims to deliberate on the future of Indian horticulture, focusing on developments, opportunities, and challenges in the sector.
Despite the numerous constraints faced by the horticulture sector, there are several opportunities for improvement. One such opportunity is the Agricultural Marketing and Farmer Friendly Reforms Index, launched by the NITI Aayog, which ranks states and union territories based on their implementation of provisions proposed under the model APMC Act, joining the e-NAM initiative, providing special treatment to fruits and vegetables for marketing, and tax levies in mandis.
The Government is also working on reducing crop losses through the Pradhan Mantri Fasal Bima Yojana (PMFBY), which provides comprehensive crop insurance coverage from pre-sowing to post-harvest losses against non-preventable natural risks. Another key initiative is the Centre’s Cluster Development Programme which has the potential to revolutionise the value chain by enhancing its scale. The programme aims to promote the integrated and market-led development of pre-production, production, post-harvest, logistics, branding, and marketing activities by leveraging the geographical specialisation of horticulture clusters.
Meanwhile, the Ministry of Food Processing Industries has launched several schemes aimed at promoting the food processing industry in India, including the creation of cold chain infrastructure, agro-processing clusters, backward and forward linkages, preservation infrastructure, Operation Greens, and Mega Food Parks. These schemes provide various facilities to food processing units, such as storage, testing labs, and logistics, while also stabilising the supply and prices of perishable commodities and promoting their value addition. The Government has also introduced post-harvest infrastructure schemes to reduce post-harvest losses, a Land Lease Act to help legalise leasing and allow tenants access to insurance and credit, and Soil Health Cards to promote soil health.
India is globally recognised as one of the top producers of fruits and vegetables, and the horticulture sector has consistently performed well in terms of production. By implementing these measures, the horticulture sector can expand even further and generate increased profitability for farmers. This growth can also help meet the rising demand for fruits and vegetables, both domestically and internationally.
